propaedeutic n.预备教育 adj.预备的，入门的

propagable adj.可推广的，可传播的

propaganda n.宣传，宣传活动，宣传机关

propagandism n.宣传，传道

propagandist n.宣传者，传道者 adj.宣传的，传道的

propagandize vt.宣传，传教，传道 vi.进行宣传 v.宣传

propagate vt.繁殖，传播，传送 vi.繁殖，蔓延

propagation n.增殖，繁殖，广传

propagator n.增殖者，宣传者，传教者

propane n.丙烷

proparoxgtone adj.(希腊语法）在语尾算起第三音节读重音的

propel vt.推进，驱使

propellant n.使推进之物，发射火药，推进燃料

propeller n.螺旋浆，推进器

propensity n.倾向

proper adv.完全地，彻底地 adj.适当的，高尚的，专属的

properly adv.适当地，相当地，当然地

properties n.道具

property n.财产，所有权，性质

prophase n.前期

prophecy n.预言，预言能力

prophesy v.语言，预报

prophet n.预言者，先知，提倡者

prophetess n.女预言家，女先知

prophetic adj.预言的，先知的，预示的

prophylactic n.预防药 adj.预防疾病的

prophylaxis n.预防

propinquity n.接近

propitiate vt.慰抚，安抚，和解 v.劝解

propitiator n.安抚人，和解者，赎罪的人

propitiatory adj.安抚的，和解的

propitious adj.顺利地，适合的，吉祥的，慈悲的

propjet n.喷射推进

propman n.小道具管理员

proponent n.建议者，支持者，（律）提出认证遗嘱者

proportion vt.使成比例，使均衡，分摊

proportionable adj.相称的，成比例的

proportional n.比例项 adj.比例的，相称的，调和的

proportionate v.成比例 adj.相称的，成比例的，适当的

proportionately adv.相称地，成比例地

proportioned adj.成比例的，相称的

proportionment n.比例，相称，调和

proposal n.提议，计划，求婚

propose vt.计划，打算，建议，向。。。提议，求（婚）

vi.打算，求婚

proposer n.申请人，提案人

proposition vt.向。。。提议 n.建议，命题，主张

propositional adj.建议的，提议的

propound vt.提出，提议

propoxur n.(化）残杀威

白头鹰

白头鹰是北美大陆特有的大型猛禽。美国国会在立国之初认为白头鹰象征着自由、力量和勇气，因此在1782年把它定为美国的国鸟。在美国的国徽、硬币和很多具有爱国主义色彩的装饰物上，都可以见到白头鹰的图案。

白头鹰有时候会被人们从英文直译为秃鹰，这会让人以为白头鹰象秃鹫一样头上没有羽毛。实际上并非如此：未成年的白头鹰，通体羽毛是深棕色的；4到6岁成年后，白头鹰头部、颈部和尾部的羽毛逐渐变成白色。

在美国，从40年代起，农药的使用、过度捕猎、以及白头鹰栖息地的严重破坏曾经一度使白头鹰的生存受到威胁。但是近年来由于美国政府采取的一系列保护措施，情况大为改观。

白头鹰在1782年被定为美国国鸟的时候，美国本土除了阿拉斯加州以外，一共大约有10万只白头鹰。但是美国建国后持续不断的国土开发，使白头鹰的栖息地迅速减少，过份捕猎更导致白头鹰数量进一步下降。1940年，美国国会通过了白头鹰和金雕保护法案，禁止捕杀和买卖白头鹰，并在民间加强了保护白头鹰的宣传。这项法律颁布后，白头鹰的数量在40年代初在很多州都有所回升。

可是好景不长，二战结束后不久，美国在农业生产中开始大量使用DDT和PCB等农药。这些农药通过食物链进入白头鹰的体内，使白头鹰的蛋壳变软，因此无法孵出小鹰。另外，人类活动造成的白头鹰栖息地缺失更加重了对白头鹰的威胁。到了1963年的时候，美国大陆地区仅剩下417对筑巢的白头鹰。

*禁用DDT挽救白头鹰*

1972年，美国环境保护署下令禁止使用DDT。美国渔业和野生动物局的发言人辛迪·霍夫曼女士说，这个决定是挽救白头鹰的关键一步：“在恢复白头鹰数量的过程中，有许多关键因素。但是首要的一个就是禁止DDT。这是非常关键的，这让我们在挽救白头鹰的过程中，至少看到了一些希望。”

1973年，在美国国会通过滨临灭绝物种法案之后，美国渔业和野生动物局在美国大陆48个州中的43个州把白头鹰列为滨临灭绝物种，而在其他5个情况好一些的州，白头鹰被列为滨临威胁的物种。霍夫曼女士说，二者在定义上有所区别：“滨临灭绝物种，顾名思义，就是那些有可能灭绝的物种；而滨临威胁的物种则是处在边缘状态，有可能成为滨临灭绝物种的物种。听起来很简单，但法律就是这样划分的。”

自从70年代以来，美国政府和有关机构采取了包括人工繁殖、保护栖息地、帮助人工繁殖的白头鹰回归自然、加强执法力度、加强民间宣传等一系列措施，并取得了显著的效果。

1995年，白头鹰在43个州的“滨临灭绝物种”定级全部被改为程度较轻的“滨临威胁物种”。到了2003年，美国大陆地区的白头鹰数量已经达到7600多对--比1963年的时候增长了近20倍。

*白头鹰不再受到严重威胁*

霍夫曼女士说，美国渔业和野生动物局将在今年年底前向内政部正式建议，把白头鹰从滨临威胁物种的名单上拿掉。她说，现在有充份的理由这样做：“白头鹰目前不再受到任何严重威胁，因此我们有必要把我们有限的资源用在帮助其他受到更大威胁的物种上面。另外，把白头鹰从名单上拿掉，也可以向人们展示滨临灭绝物种法案取得的成功。在这个法案的保护下，白头鹰的数量大幅度反弹。白头鹰是这个法案成功的象征。”

那么，如果白头鹰从滨临灭绝物种的名单上拿掉的话，它们的生存会不会再度受到威胁呢？霍夫曼女士说，这种担心是不必要的：“按照滨临灭绝物种法的规定，一个物种从名单上拿掉之后，我们还会对这个物种进行为期至少5年的跟踪监测，确保它不会再度受到威胁。 如果我们一旦发现这个物种的数量由于缺乏保护而出现严重下降的情况，我们可以再次把它列入名单。此外，白头鹰还有另外一个得天独厚的保护，那就是1940年通过的白头鹰和金雕保护法。”

40年前，很多人曾经担心，未来世世代代的美国人可能只有在博物馆或者国徽上才能见到白头 鹰的身影。但是现在，从美国北部的切萨皮克湾到南方的佛罗里达，人们又可以看到白头鹰在天空中翱翔。霍夫曼女士说，白头鹰的回归证明了人类的发展并不一定要以物种遭受破坏为代价。美国政府希望把挽救白头鹰的经验借鉴到其他受到威胁的物种上，帮助它们摆脱困境。

Old age hawk

The old age hawk isthe North Americamainland unique large-scale bird of prey.The United States Congressat the beginning of founding a nation thought the old age hawk is symbolizing the freedom, the strength and the courage, therefore decided as in 1782 it US national bird. In US'S national emblem, the coin and very have the patriotism color on the widget, all may see the old age hawk's design.

Old age hawk some times can by the people from English literal translation be the condors, this can let the person think the old age hawk likely cinereous vulture one 样头 on does not have the feather. In fact by no means so: The underage old age hawk, the feather is the deep brown all over the body; 4 after 6 years old grown-up, the old age hawk forehead, the pate and the rear part feather gradually turns the white.

InUS, from the 40's, the agricultural chemicals use, excessively hunts for, as well as the old age hawk habitat serious destruction once once causes the old age hawk's survival to be threaten. But recent years because the American government adopts a series of protective measures, the situation greatly for has a new look.

The old age hawk in 1782 decided asAmerican national bird'stime, the US territory besides the Aras California, altogether approximately some 100,000 old age hawk. But after US founds a nation continues the unceasing national territory development, causes the old age hawk's habitat rapid reduction, hunts for too causes the old age hawk quantity further to drop. In 1940, the United States Congress passed the old age hawk and 金雕 the protection bill, the prohibition captures and kills with business old age hawk, and strengthened the protection old age hawk's propaganda in the folk. After this law promulgates, the old age hawk's quantity all has the rise in the beginning of the 40's in very many states.

But the prosperity is not long, after World War II ended soon, US starts in the agricultural production massively to use agricultural chemicals and so on DDT and PCB. These agricultural chemicals enter old age hawk's in vivo through the food chain, causes the old age hawk's egg shell to change softly, therefore is unable to hatch the small hawk. Moreover, the humanity moved the old age hawk habitat flaw which created to aggravate to the old age hawk's threat. To 1963 time, the continental united states area is only left over the old age hawk which 417 pairs builds the nest.

* Is durable DDT to save the old age hawk *

In 1972, the US environmental protection bureau issued an order to forbid to use DDT. The American fishery and wildly moves the commodity bureau spokesperson Xin enlightens Ms. Hoffman to say that, this decision is saves the old age hawk the key step: "In restores the old age hawk quantity in the process, some many key aspect. But most important forbids DDT. This is extremely essential, this lets us in save the old age hawk in the process, at least saw some hopes."

In 1973, in the United States Congress through the shore after exterminated the species bill, the American fishery and wildly moves commodity bureau's in continental united states 48 states 43 states the old age hawk to list as the shore near to exterminate the species, but in other 5 situations good some states, the old age hawk is listed as the shore near the threat species. Ms. Hoffman said that, the two has the difference in the definition: "The shore near exterminates the species, as the name suggests, is these has the species which the possibility exterminates; But the shore is occupies the edge condition near the threat species, has the possibility to become the shore near to exterminate species the species. Sounds to be very simple, but the law is divides like this."

Since the 70's, the American government and the related organization has adopted including the artificial propagation, has protected the habitat, the help artificial propagation old age hawk return nature, strengthens the law enforcement dynamics, strengthens the folk propaganda and so on a series of measures, and has obtained the remarkable effect.

In 1995, the old age hawk "the shore near exterminated the species" in 43 states to establish grades is completely changed the degree lightly "the shore near the threat species". To in 2003, the continental united states area old age hawk quantity had already achieved 7600 to -- compared to 1963 time grew nearly 20 times.

* The old age hawk no longer receives the serious threat *

Ms. Hoffman said that, the American fishery and wildly will move the commodity bureau officially to suggest before the end of this year to the Ministry of Interior, picks off the old age hawk from the shore near in the threat species name list. She said that, now has the sufficient share the reason to do this: "The old age hawk at present no longer receives any serious threat, therefore we have the necessity our limited resources to use in helps other to receive a bigger threat above the species. Moreover, picks off the old age hawk from the name list, also may to the people demonstrate the shore near exterminates the success which the species bill obtains. In under this bill protection, old age hawk's quantity large scale resilience. The old age hawk is the symbol which this bill succeeds."

Then, if the old age hawk near exterminates from the shore the species in the name list picks off, their survival can be threaten once again? Ms. Hoffman said that, this kind of worry is nonessential: "Near exterminates the species method according to the shore stipulation, species pick off after the name list, we also can to this species carry on for the time at least 5 years track monitor, guarantees it not to be able to be threaten once again. If we once discovered this species the quantity as a result of lacks the protection to appear the serious drop the situation, we may include once more it the name list. In addition, the old age hawk also has other advantageous protection, that is the old age hawk which in 1940 passed and 金雕 the protection method."

40 years ago, very many people once worried that, future the for generations American possibly only will have in the museum or the national emblem can see the old age hawk's form. But the present, cuts Sa from US to pick the bay to the south Florida, the people may see the old age hawk hovers in the sky. Ms. Hoffman said that, the old age hawk's return had proven humanity's development certainly not necessarily must suffer the destruction take the species as a price. The American government hoped saves the old age hawk the experience to profit from other to receive threat in the species, helps them to get rid of the difficult position.